Athan Reines | @kgryte | @stdlibjs

WebAssembly and the Future of the Web

Overview

History
WebAssembly
Toolchain
Examples
The Future

History

Applets
ActiveX
NaCl
PNaCl
asm.js

The first bit of prior art are Java applets. Java Applets are small applications written in Java or another language which compiles to Java bytecode.

When a user launches a Java applet from a webpage, the applet is executed within the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in a process separate from the browser itself.

For much of their life on the web, applets were significantly faster than JavaScript and were especially useful for compute intensive applications.

However, as JavaScript engines have improved and gained support for hardware-accelerated graphics, the speed difference has diminished significantly.

Accordingly, Java applets have less of a role on the web and have now been deprecated.
As an alternative to Java Applets, Microsoft created ActiveX which allowed running unsandboxed native code. In theory, ActiveX was OS independent; however, in practice, ActiveX was strongly tied to Windows operating systems.
The next bit of prior art is Google Native Client (NaCl), which is a sandboxing technology capable of running native code at near native speed on select processors, such as Intel x86 and ARM.
NaCl was followed by Portable Native Client (PNaCl), which is an architecture-independent version of NaCl. Google has since deprecated PNaCl in favor of WebAssembly.
The last bit of prior art is asm.js, which started off as a research project at Mozilla.

The goal was to determine whether JavaScript could be reduced to a language subset, capable of ahead-of-time optimizations and other performance improvements similar to that of statically compiled languages.

The team working on asm.js was able to demonstrate a runtime performance just 1.5-2x of C. Meaning, using JavaScript alone, they were able to achieve near-native performance.

One of the big advantages of asm.js compared to prior efforts is that, because asm.js is still JavaScript, code compiled to asm.js is backward compatible with older browsers.

WebAssembly

A portable compilation target for the web

Allows running languages other than JavaScript within browser environments

C/C++ → x86/ARM

C/C++ → IR → x86/ARM

Many modern compilers, such as LLVM and GCC, are now split into two components: a frontend compiler, responsible for taking a higher level language like C or C++ and compiling to an optimized intermediate representation (IR), which is a low-level language similar to assembly, and a backend compiler, responsible for translating the intermediate representation to instruction sets (i.e., machine code).

By doing this, no longer is the translation problem N by M (or multiplicative), but additive, N plus M.

To support compiling an additional higher level language, I only need to write a single frontend compiler, responsible for compiling that higher level language to an intermediate representation.

Once the language is compiled to an intermediate representation, it can automatically be translated to machine code using an existing backend compiler.

This is in contrast to the "simple" compiler I mentioned previously where I would have needed to write M translations for every language I want to add.

In a similar vein, if I want to add an additional instruction set, I only need to figure out how to translate the intermediate representation to machine code specific to that processor.

C/C++ → IR → wasm → x86/ARM

Assembly

WebAssembly is assembly for the web

Two Formats

Text Format


(module
  (type $0 (func (param i32 i32) (result i32)))
  (export "add" $add)
  (func $add (type $0) (param $var$0 i32) (param $var$1 i32) (result i32)
    (i32.add
      (get_local $var$0)
      (get_local $var$1)
    )
  )
)

Value Types

i32
f32
i64
f64

Binary Encoding


00 61 73 6d 01 00 00 00  04 74 79 70 65 87 80 80  |.asm.....type...|
80 00 01 40 02 01 01 01  01 08 66 75 6e 63 74 69  |...@......functi|
6f 6e 82 80 80 80 00 01  00 06 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79  |on........memory|
85 80 80 80 00 80 02 80  02 01 06 65 78 70 6f 72  |...........expor|
74 86 80 80 80 00 01 00  03 61 64 64 04 63 6f 64  |t........add.cod|
65 8c 80 80 80 00 01 86  80 80 80 00 00 14 00 14  |e...............|
01 40 04 6e 61 6d 65 86  80 80 80 00 01 03 61 64  |.@.name.......ad|
64 00                                             |d.|

Preamble

Magic Number:

00 61 73 6d → asm
Version:

01 00 00 00 → 1

Sections

Type: function signature declarations
Import: import declarations
Function: function declarations
Table: indirect function table and other tables
Memory: memory attributes
Global: global declarations
Exports: exports
Start: start function declaration
Element: elements section
Code: function bodies (code)
Data: data segments

There are 11 specification defined sections, all of which are optional...

The type section declares all function signatures that will be used in the module. This may contain other type declarations in the future.
The import section declares all imports that will be used in the module; e.g., externally defined functions, including JavaScript functions.
The function section declares the signatures of all functions used in a module, whose definitions will appear in the code section.
The table section declares tables used in a module, where a table is similar to lineary memory, except, instead of bytes, the elements are opaque values of a particular element type. At the moment, the only supported element type is "anyfunc", and the primary purpose of a table is to implement indirect function calls in C/C++ where the table contains indirectly-callable functions and an integer index is used as the pointer-to-function.
The memory section provides an internal definition of the linear memory used by a module, where linear memory can be considered as a sandboxed untyped array of bytes. Linear memories can either be declared within a module or created externally and imported.
The global section provides definitions of global variables.
The export section declares module definitions which should be made available to the external environment.
The start section specifies a function to invoke after a module instance is initialized and before exported functions are callable.
The elements section allows a module to initialize a table's elements.
The code section contains the function bodies for every function in a module.
The data section declares the initialized data that is loaded into linear memory.

In addition to these sections, modules can define custom sections. One notable difference between these 11 sections and custom sections is that these sections must appear in order, whereas custom sections can appear in any order.

Memory Access

i32.load8_s (signed)
i32.load8_u (unsigned)
i32.load16_s
i32.load16_u
i32.load
i64.load8_s
i64.load8_u
i64.load16_s
i64.load16_u
i64.load32_s
i64.load32_u

i64.load
f32.load
f64.load
i32.store8
i32.store16
i32.store
i64.store8
i64.store16
i64.store32
i64.store
f32.store

f64.store

Control Constructs

nop
block
loop
if
else
br
br_if
br_table
return
end

Operators

i32.add
i32.sub
i32.mul
i32.div_s
i32.div_u
i32.rem_s
i32.rem_u
i32.and
...many more

Advantages

Compact
Parsing
Typed
Optimization
Deoptimization
Lower-level
GC
Performance

WebAssembly has several purported advantages...

First, the binary format is compact, which means fewer bytes must be sent over the wire and faster load times.
Next, because the binary format is structured, having a defined layout, module loaders need to perform only a single-pass in order to parse an encoded module into an AST in preparation for translating to machine code. The advantage of only requiring a single-pass is that modules are able to be instantiated faster compared to a module written in vanilla JavaScript.
Third, WebAssembly is strongly typed, which means more efficient serialization and, again, fewer bytes sent over the wire.
Next, because WebAssembly is strongly typed, frontend compilers are able to perform ahead-of-time optimizations. This stands in contrast to JavaScript for instance which first must be compiled and monitored to determine if particular functions are running "hot".

Once a function is "hot", the function gets sent to an optimizing compiler which makes optimistic assumptions about input value types and code paths, essentially creating an optimized version of the "hot" function.

If a function receives an unexpected input value type, the optimized function gets deoptimized and the cycle repeats indefinitely or until a function gets put in "deoptimization hell".

So instead of runtime optimization, with WebAssembly, we can do much of the optimization an optimizing compiler does before ever running in a JavaScript runtime.
Next, because WebAssembly is strongly typed, we are able to avoid deoptimizing cycles as the optimization/deoptimization loop is no longer needed: input and output value types are defined ahead-of-time and not something a runtime compiler must empirically discover.
Another advantage is that WebAssembly is lower-level, which means that WebAssembly is easier to translate to efficient and optimized machine instructions, which means faster execution.
Next, WebAssembly does not come with a garbage collector, which means that WebAssembly modules are responsible for manually managing memory. This is useful as this allows control over when memory is allocated and deallocated, as you might want to during "deadtime", i.e., when an application is running idle.

On the flip side, the lack of GC also means that languages which depend on a GC cannot be easily compiled to WebAssembly (e.g., Python, et al).
If we combine all the aforementioned advantages, WebAssembly promises, for certain applications, better performance compared to JavaScript.

Toolchain

Emscripten

Other Tools

Binaryen
WebAssembly Binary Toolkit (WABT)

emsdk

Examples


// File: hypot.c
#include <math.h>

double c_hypot( const double x, const double y ) {
    double tmp;
    double a;
    double b;
    if ( isnan( x ) || isnan( y ) ) {
        return NAN;
    }
    if ( isinf( x ) || isinf( y ) ) {
        return INFINITY;
    }
    a = x;
    b = y;
    if ( a < 0.0 ) {
        a = -a;
    }
    if ( b < 0.0 ) {
        b = -b;
    }
    if ( a < b ) {
        tmp = b;
        b = a;
        a = tmp;
    }
    if ( a == 0.0 ) {
        return 0.0;
    }
    b /= a;
    return a * sqrt( 1.0 + (b*b) );
}


$ emcc -std=c99 -O3 -s WASM=1 -s SIDE_MODULE=1 -o hypot.wasm hypot.c


0061 736d 0100 0000 018c 8080 8000 0260
017c 017c 6002 7c7c 017c 0382 8080 8000
0101 0484 8080 8000 0170 0000 0583 8080
8000 0100 0106 8180 8080 0000 0794 8080
8000 0206 6d65 6d6f 7279 0200 0763 5f68
7970 6f74 0000 0af3 8180 8000 01ed 8180
8000 0402 7e01 7c01 7f01 7c44 0000 0000
0000 f87f 2106 0240 0240 2000 bd42 ffff
ffff ffff ffff ff00 8322 0242 8080 8080
8080 80f8 ff00 560d 0020 01bd 42ff ffff
ffff ffff ffff 0083 2203 4280 8080 8080
8080 f8ff 0056 0d00 4400 0000 0000 00f0
7f21 0620 0242 8080 8080 8080 80f8 ff00
510d 0020 0342 8080 8080 8080 80f8 ff00
510d 0044 0000 0000 0000 0000 2106 2001
9a20 0120 0144 0000 0000 0000 0000 631b
2201 2000 9a20 0020 0044 0000 0000 0000
0000 631b 2200 2000 2001 6322 051b 2204
4400 0000 0000 0000 0062 0d01 0b20 060f
0b20 0420 0020 0120 051b 2004 a322 0020
00a2 4400 0000 0000 00f0 3fa0 9fa2 0b


(module
  (type $FUNCSIG$dd (func (param f64) (result f64)))
  (table 0 anyfunc)
  (memory $0 1)
  (export "memory" (memory $0))
  (export "c_hypot" (func $c_hypot))
  (func $c_hypot (param $0 f64) (param $1 f64) (result f64)
    (local $2 i64)
    (local $3 i64)
    (local $4 f64)
    (local $5 i32)
    (local $6 f64)
    (set_local $6
      (f64.const nan:0x8000000000000)
    )
    (block $label$0
      (block $label$1
        (br_if $label$1
          (i64.gt_u
            (tee_local $2
              (i64.and
                (i64.reinterpret/f64
                  (get_local $0)
                )
                (i64.const 9223372036854775807)
              )
            )
            (i64.const 9218868437227405312)
          )
        )
        (br_if $label$1
          (i64.gt_u
            (tee_local $3
              (i64.and
                (i64.reinterpret/f64
                  (get_local $1)
                )
                (i64.const 9223372036854775807)
              )
            )
            (i64.const 9218868437227405312)
          )
        )
        (set_local $6
          (f64.const infinity)
        )
        (br_if $label$1
          (i64.eq
            (get_local $2)
            (i64.const 9218868437227405312)
          )
        )
        (br_if $label$1
          (i64.eq
            (get_local $3)
            (i64.const 9218868437227405312)
          )
        )
        (set_local $6
          (f64.const 0)
        )
        (br_if $label$0
          (f64.ne
            (tee_local $4
              (select
                (tee_local $1
                  (select
                    (f64.neg
                      (get_local $1)
                    )
                    (get_local $1)
                    (f64.lt
                      (get_local $1)
                      (f64.const 0)
                    )
                  )
                )
                (tee_local $0
                  (select
                    (f64.neg
                      (get_local $0)
                    )
                    (get_local $0)
                    (f64.lt
                      (get_local $0)
                      (f64.const 0)
                    )
                  )
                )
                (tee_local $5
                  (f64.lt
                    (get_local $0)
                    (get_local $1)
                  )
                )
              )
            )
            (f64.const 0)
          )
        )
      )
      (return
        (get_local $6)
      )
    )
    (f64.mul
      (get_local $4)
      (f64.sqrt
        (f64.add
          (f64.mul
            (tee_local $0
              (f64.div
                (select
                  (get_local $0)
                  (get_local $1)
                  (get_local $5)
                )
                (get_local $4)
              )
            )
            (get_local $0)
          )
          (f64.const 1)
        )
      )
    )
  )
)


var join = require( 'path' ).join;
var readFileSync = require( 'fs' ).readFileSync;

// Load the file:
var buf = readFileSync( join( __dirname, 'hypot.wasm' ) );

// Create a WebAssembly module:
var m = new WebAssembly.Module( buf );

// Define the module environment:
var memory = new WebAssembly.Memory({ 'initial': 256 });
var table = new WebAssembly.Table({ 'initial': 0, 'element': 'anyfunc' });
var imports = { 'env': { 'memory': memory, 'memoryBase': 0, 'table': table, 'tableBase': 0 } };

// Create an executable instance:
var instance = new WebAssembly.Instance( m, imports );

// Alias the exported function:
var hypot = instance.exports.c_hypot;


// File: dasum.c
#include <math.h>

double c_dasum( const int N, const double *X, const int stride ) {
    double sum;
    int m;
    int n;
    int i;

    sum = 0.0;
    if ( N <= 0 || stride <= 0 ) {
        return sum;
    }
    // If the stride is equal to `1`, use unrolled loops...
    if ( stride == 1 ) {
        m = N % 6;

        // If we have a remainder, run a clean-up loop...
        if ( m > 0 ) {
            for ( i = 0; i < m; i++ ) {
                sum += fabs( X[i] );
            }
        }
        if ( N < 6 ) {
            return sum;
        }
        for ( i = m; i < N; i += 6 ) {
            sum += fabs( X[i] ) + fabs( X[i+1] ) + fabs( X[i+2] ) + fabs( X[i+3] ) + fabs( X[i+4] ) + fabs( X[i+5] );
        }
        return sum;
    }
    n = N * stride;
    for ( i = 0; i < n; i += stride ) {
        sum += fabs( X[i] );
    }
    return sum;
}


$ emcc \
  -std=c99 \
  -O3 \
  -s WASM=1 \
  -s MODULARIZE=1 \
  -s BINARYEN_ASYNC_COMPILATION=0 \
  -s "BINARYEN_METHOD='native-wasm'" \
  -o dasum.wasm \
  dasum.c


0061 736d 0100 0000 01aa 8080 8000 0860
0001 7f60 0000 6003 7f7f 7f01 7f60 017f
0060 017f 017f 6002 7f7f 0060 027f 7f01
7f60 037f 7f7f 017c 02fe 8180 8000 0d03
656e 760e 4459 4e41 4d49 4354 4f50 5f50
5452 037f 0003 656e 7608 5354 4143 4b54
4f50 037f 0003 656e 7609 5354 4143 4b5f
4d41 5803 7f00 0365 6e76 0d65 6e6c 6172
6765 4d65 6d6f 7279 0000 0365 6e76 0e67
6574 546f 7461 6c4d 656d 6f72 7900 0003
656e 7617 6162 6f72 744f 6e43 616e 6e6f
7447 726f 774d 656d 6f72 7900 0003 656e
7606 5f61 626f 7274 0001 0365 6e76 165f
656d 7363 7269 7074 656e 5f6d 656d 6370
795f 6269 6700 0203 656e 760b 5f5f 5f73
6574 4572 724e 6f00 0303 656e 7606 6d65
6d6f 7279 0201 8002 8002 0365 6e76 0574
6162 6c65 0170 0100 0003 656e 760a 6d65
6d6f 7279 4261 7365 037f 0003 656e 7609
7461 626c 6542 6173 6503 7f00 0392 8080
8000 1104 0003 0505 0300 0607 0004 0301
0400 0202 069f 8080 8000 067f 0123 000b
7f01 2301 0b7f 0123 020b 7f01 4100 0b7f
0141 000b 7f01 4100 0b07 bd81 8080 000f
085f 635f 6461 7375 6d00 0e05 5f66 7265
6500 110d 5f70 7468 7265 6164 5f73 656c
6600 1407 5f6d 656d 7365 7400 1507 5f6d
616c 6c6f 6300 1007 5f6d 656d 6370 7900
1605 5f73 6272 6b00 130b 7275 6e50 6f73
7453 6574 7300 120a 7374 6163 6b41 6c6c
6f63 0006 0973 7461 636b 5361 7665 0007
0c73 7461 636b 5265 7374 6f72 6500 0813
6573 7461 626c 6973 6853 7461 636b 5370
6163 6500 090b 7365 7454 656d 7052 6574
3000 0b0b 6765 7454 656d 7052 6574 3000
0c08 7365 7454 6872 6577 000a 0981 8080
8000 000a f8d4 8080 0011 9e80 8080 0001
017f 027f 2306 2101 2306 2000 6a24 0623
0641 0f6a 4170 7124 0620 010b 0b84 8080
8000 0023 060b 8680 8080 0000 2000 2406
0b8d 8080 8000 0002 4020 0024 0620 0124
070b 0b90 8080 8000 0023 0845 0440 2000
2408 2001 2409 0b0b 8680 8080 0000 2000
240a 0b84 8080 8000 0023 0a0b 8f80 8080
0000 2001 047f 2000 2001 6f05 4100 0b0b
c482 8080 0002 017f 017c 027c 2000 4101
4820 0241 0148 7204 4044 0000 0000 0000
0000 0f0b 2002 4101 4704 4020 0220 006c
2203 4100 4a04 4041 0021 0044 0000 0000
0000 0000 2104 0544 0000 0000 0000 0000
0f0b 0340 2004 2001 2000 4103 746a 2b03
0099 a021 0420 0020 026a 2200 2003 480d
000b 2004 0f0b 2000 4106 100d 2203 4100
4a04 4041 0021 0244 0000 0000 0000 0000
2104 0340 2004 2001 2002 4103 746a 2b03
0099 a021 0420 0241 016a 2202 2003 470d
000b 0544 0000 0000 0000 0000 2104 0b20
0041 054a 2003 2000 4871 0440 2003 2102
0520 040f 0b03 4020 0420 0120 0241 0374
6a2b 0300 9920 0120 0241 016a 4103 746a
2b03 0099 a020 0120 0241 026a 4103 746a
2b03 0099 a020 0120 0241 036a 4103 746a
2b03 0099 a020 0120 0241 046a 4103 746a
2b03 0099 a020 0120 0241 056a 4103 746a
2b03 0099 a0a0 2104 2002 4106 6a22 0220
0048 0d00 0b20 040b 0b94 8080 8000 0041
8008 2802 0004 7f10 1428 0240 0541 ac08
0b0b f3b7 8080 0001 157f 027f 2306 210e
2306 4110 6a24 0620 0e21 1202 4020 0041
f501 4904 4020 0041 0b6a 4178 7121 0341
b008 2802 0022 0820 0041 0b49 047f 4110
2203 0520 030b 4103 7622 0276 2200 4103
7104 4020 0041 0171 4101 7320 026a 2205
4103 7441 d808 6a22 0241 086a 2203 2802
0022 0741 086a 2201 2802 0021 0420 0220
0446 0440 41b0 0820 0841 0120 0574 417f
7371 3602 0005 2004 41c0 0828 0200 4904
4010 030b 2004 410c 6a22 0028 0200 2007
4604 4020 0020 0236 0200 2003 2004 3602
0005 1003 0b0b 2007 2005 4103 7422 0041
0372 3602 0420 0720 006a 4104 6a22 0020
0028 0200 4101 7236 0200 200e 2406 2001
0f0b 2003 41b8 0828 0200 2210 4b04 4020
0004 4020 0020 0274 4102 2002 7422 0041
0020 006b 7271 2200 4100 2000 6b71 417f
6a22 0041 0c76 4110 7121 0520 0020 0576
2202 4105 7641 0871 2200 2005 7220 0220
0076 2202 4102 7641 0471 2200 7220 0220
0076 2202 4101 7641 0271 2200 7220 0220
0076 2202 4101 7641 0171 2200 7220 0220
0076 6a22 0b41 0374 41d8 086a 2204 4108
6a22 0228 0200 2209 4108 6a22 0528 0200
210c 2004 200c 4604 4041 b008 2008 4101
200b 7441 7f73 7122 0736 0200 0520 0c41
c008 2802 0049 0440 1003 0b20 0c41 0c6a
2200 2802 0020 0946 0440 2000 2004 3602
0020 0220 0c36 0200 2008 2107 0510 030b
0b20 0920 0341 0372 3602 0420 0920 036a
2204 200b 4103 7420 036b 220b 4101 7236
0204 2004 200b 6a20 0b36 0200 2010 0440
41c4 0828 0200 2109 2010 4103 7622 0041
0374 41d8 086a 2102 2007 4101 2000 7422
0071 0440 2002 4108 6a22 0328 0200 2200
41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010 0305 2003 2106
2000 2101 0b05 41b0 0820 0720 0072 3602
0020 0241 086a 2106 2002 2101 0b20 0620
0936 0200 2001 2009 3602 0c20 0920 0136
0208 2009 2002 3602 0c0b 41b8 0820 0b36
0200 41c4 0820 0436 0200 200e 2406 2005
0f0b 41b4 0828 0200 2206 0440 2006 4100
2006 6b71 417f 6a22 0041 0c76 4110 7121
0220 0020 0276 2201 4105 7641 0871 2200
2002 7220 0120 0076 2201 4102 7641 0471
2200 7220 0120 0076 2201 4101 7641 0271
2200 7220 0120 0076 2201 4101 7641 0171
2200 7220 0120 0076 6a41 0274 41e0 0a6a
2802 0022 0228 0204 4178 7120 036b 2109
2002 2101 0340 0240 2001 2802 1022 0045
0440 2001 2802 1422 0045 0d01 0b20 0028
0204 4178 7120 036b 2201 2009 4922 0704
4020 0121 090b 2000 2101 2007 0440 2000
2102 0b0c 010b 0b20 0241 c008 2802 0022
0c49 0440 1003 0b20 0220 0220 036a 220d
4f04 4010 030b 2002 2802 1821 0f02 4020
0228 020c 2200 2002 4604 4020 0241 146a
2201 2802 0022 0045 0440 2002 4110 6a22
0128 0200 2200 4504 4041 0021 040c 030b
0b03 4020 0041 146a 220b 2802 0022 0704
4020 0721 0020 0b21 010c 010b 2000 4110
6a22 0b28 0200 2207 0440 2007 2100 200b
2101 0c01 0b0b 2001 200c 4904 4010 0305
2001 4100 3602 0020 0021 040b 0520 0228
0208 220b 200c 4904 4010 030b 200b 410c
6a22 0728 0200 2002 4704 4010 030b 2000
4108 6a22 0128 0200 2002 4604 4020 0720
0036 0200 2001 200b 3602 0020 0021 0405
1003 0b0b 0b02 4020 0f04 4020 0220 0228
021c 2201 4102 7441 e00a 6a22 0028 0200
4604 4020 0020 0436 0200 2004 4504 4041
b408 2006 4101 2001 7441 7f73 7136 0200
0c03 0b05 200f 41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010
030b 200f 4110 6a22 0028 0200 2002 4604
4020 0020 0436 0200 0520 0f20 0436 0214
0b20 0445 0d02 0b20 0441 c008 2802 0022
0049 0440 1003 0b20 0420 0f36 0218 2002
2802 1022 0104 4020 0120 0049 0440 1003
0520 0420 0136 0210 2001 2004 3602 180b
0b20 0228 0214 2200 0440 2000 41c0 0828
0200 4904 4010 0305 2004 2000 3602 1420
0020 0436 0218 0b0b 0b0b 2009 4110 4904
4020 0220 0920 036a 2200 4103 7236 0204
2002 2000 6a41 046a 2200 2000 2802 0041
0172 3602 0005 2002 2003 4103 7236 0204
200d 2009 4101 7236 0204 200d 2009 6a20
0936 0200 2010 0440 41c4 0828 0200 2107
2010 4103 7622 0041 0374 41d8 086a 2103
2008 4101 2000 7422 0071 0440 2003 4108
6a22 0128 0200 2200 41c0 0828 0200 4904
4010 0305 2001 210a 2000 2105 0b05 41b0
0820 0820 0072 3602 0020 0341 086a 210a
2003 2105 0b20 0a20 0736 0200 2005 2007
3602 0c20 0720 0536 0208 2007 2003 3602
0c0b 41b8 0820 0936 0200 41c4 0820 0d36
0200 0b20 0e24 0620 0241 086a 0f05 2003
2100 0b05 2003 2100 0b05 2000 41bf 7f4b
0440 417f 2100 0520 0041 0b6a 2200 4178
7121 0741 b408 2802 0022 0504 4020 0041
0876 2200 047f 2007 41ff ffff 074b 047f
411f 0520 0741 0e20 0020 0041 80fe 3f6a
4110 7641 0871 2203 7422 0141 80e0 1f6a
4110 7641 0471 2200 2003 7220 0120 0074
2201 4180 800f 6a41 1076 4102 7122 0072
6b20 0120 0074 410f 766a 2200 4107 6a76
4101 7120 0041 0174 720b 0541 000b 2111
4100 2007 6b21 0302 4002 4002 4020 1141
0274 41e0 0a6a 2802 0022 0104 4041 1920
1141 0176 6b21 0041 0021 0420 0720 1141
1f46 047f 4100 0520 000b 7421 0a41 0021
0003 4020 0128 0204 4178 7120 076b 2206
2003 4904 4020 0604 4020 0621 0320 0121
0005 4100 2103 2001 2100 0c05 0b0b 2001
2802 1422 1345 2013 2001 4110 6a20 0a41
1f76 4102 746a 2802 0022 0646 7204 7f20
0405 2013 0b21 0120 0a20 0645 2204 4101
7374 210a 2004 0440 2001 2104 2000 2101
0c03 0520 0121 0420 0621 010c 010b 000b
0005 4100 2104 4100 2101 0b0b 2004 4520
0145 7104 7f20 0541 0220 1174 2200 4100
2000 6b72 7122 0045 0440 2007 2100 0c07
0b20 0041 0020 006b 7141 7f6a 2200 410c
7641 1071 210a 2000 200a 7622 0441 0576
4108 7122 0020 0a72 2004 2000 7622 0441
0276 4104 7122 0072 2004 2000 7622 0441
0176 4102 7122 0072 2004 2000 7622 0441
0176 4101 7122 0072 2004 2000 766a 4102
7441 e00a 6a28 0200 0520 040b 2200 0d00
2001 2104 0c01 0b03 4020 0028 0204 4178
7120 076b 2204 2003 4922 0a04 4020 0421
030b 200a 0440 2000 2101 0b20 0028 0210
2204 0440 2004 2100 0c01 0b20 0028 0214
2200 0d00 2001 2104 0b0b 2004 0440 2003
41b8 0828 0200 2007 6b49 0440 2004 41c0
0828 0200 220c 4904 4010 030b 2004 2004
2007 6a22 064f 0440 1003 0b20 0428 0218
210a 0240 2004 2802 0c22 0020 0446 0440
2004 4114 6a22 0128 0200 2200 4504 4020
0441 106a 2201 2802 0022 0045 0440 4100
210d 0c03 0b0b 0340 2000 4114 6a22 0928
0200 220b 0440 200b 2100 2009 2101 0c01
0b20 0041 106a 2209 2802 0022 0b04 4020
0b21 0020 0921 010c 010b 0b20 0120 0c49
0440 1003 0520 0141 0036 0200 2000 210d
0b05 2004 2802 0822 0920 0c49 0440 1003
0b20 0941 0c6a 220b 2802 0020 0447 0440
1003 0b20 0041 086a 2201 2802 0020 0446
0440 200b 2000 3602 0020 0120 0936 0200
2000 210d 0510 030b 0b0b 0240 200a 0440
2004 2004 2802 1c22 0141 0274 41e0 0a6a
2200 2802 0046 0440 2000 200d 3602 0020
0d45 0440 41b4 0820 0541 0120 0174 417f
7371 2202 3602 000c 030b 0520 0a41 c008
2802 0049 0440 1003 0b20 0a41 106a 2200
2802 0020 0446 0440 2000 200d 3602 0005
200a 200d 3602 140b 200d 4504 4020 0521
020c 030b 0b20 0d41 c008 2802 0022 0049
0440 1003 0b20 0d20 0a36 0218 2004 2802
1022 0104 4020 0120 0049 0440 1003 0520
0d20 0136 0210 2001 200d 3602 180b 0b20
0428 0214 2200 0440 2000 41c0 0828 0200
4904 4010 0305 200d 2000 3602 1420 0020
0d36 0218 2005 2102 0b05 2005 2102 0b05
2005 2102 0b0b 0240 2003 4110 4904 4020
0420 0320 076a 2200 4103 7236 0204 2004
2000 6a41 046a 2200 2000 2802 0041 0172
3602 0005 2004 2007 4103 7236 0204 2006
2003 4101 7236 0204 2006 2003 6a20 0336
0200 2003 4103 7621 0020 0341 8002 4904
4020 0041 0374 41d8 086a 2103 41b0 0828
0200 2201 4101 2000 7422 0071 0440 2003
4108 6a22 0128 0200 2200 41c0 0828 0200
4904 4010 0305 2001 2110 2000 2108 0b05
41b0 0820 0120 0072 3602 0020 0341 086a
2110 2003 2108 0b20 1020 0636 0200 2008
2006 3602 0c20 0620 0836 0208 2006 2003
3602 0c0c 020b 2003 4108 7622 0004 7f20
0341 ffff ff07 4b04 7f41 1f05 2003 410e
2000 2000 4180 fe3f 6a41 1076 4108 7122
0574 2201 4180 e01f 6a41 1076 4104 7122
0020 0572 2001 2000 7422 0141 8080 0f6a
4110 7641 0271 2200 726b 2001 2000 7441
0f76 6a22 0041 076a 7641 0171 2000 4101
7472 0b05 4100 0b22 0541 0274 41e0 0a6a
2101 2006 2005 3602 1c20 0641 106a 2200
4100 3602 0420 0041 0036 0200 2002 4101
2005 7422 0071 4504 4041 b408 2002 2000
7236 0200 2001 2006 3602 0020 0620 0136
0218 2006 2006 3602 0c20 0620 0636 0208
0c02 0b20 0128 0200 2100 4119 2005 4101
766b 2101 2003 2005 411f 4604 7f41 0005
2001 0b74 2105 0240 0240 0240 0340 2000
2802 0441 7871 2003 460d 0220 0541 0174
2102 2000 4110 6a20 0541 1f76 4102 746a
2205 2802 0022 0145 0d01 2002 2105 2001
2100 0c00 0b00 0b20 0541 c008 2802 0049
0440 1003 0520 0520 0636 0200 2006 2000
3602 1820 0620 0636 020c 2006 2006 3602
080c 040b 0c01 0b20 0041 086a 2203 2802
0022 0241 c008 2802 0022 014f 2000 2001
4f71 0440 2002 2006 3602 0c20 0320 0636
0200 2006 2002 3602 0820 0620 0036 020c
2006 4100 3602 1805 1003 0b0b 0b0b 200e
2406 2004 4108 6a0f 0520 0721 000b 0520
0721 000b 0520 0721 000b 0b0b 0b41 b808
2802 0022 0120 004f 0440 41c4 0828 0200
2102 2001 2000 6b22 0341 0f4b 0440 41c4
0820 0220 006a 2201 3602 0041 b808 2003
3602 0020 0120 0341 0172 3602 0420 0120
036a 2003 3602 0020 0220 0041 0372 3602
0405 41b8 0841 0036 0200 41c4 0841 0036
0200 2002 2001 4103 7236 0204 2002 2001
6a41 046a 2200 2000 2802 0041 0172 3602
000b 200e 2406 2002 4108 6a0f 0b41 bc08
2802 0022 0a20 004b 0440 41bc 0820 0a20
006b 2203 3602 0041 c808 41c8 0828 0200
2202 2000 6a22 0136 0200 2001 2003 4101
7236 0204 2002 2000 4103 7236 0204 200e
2406 2002 4108 6a0f 0b41 880c 2802 0004
7f41 900c 2802 0005 4190 0c41 8020 3602
0041 8c0c 4180 2036 0200 4194 0c41 7f36
0200 4198 0c41 7f36 0200 419c 0c41 0036
0200 41ec 0b41 0036 0200 2012 2012 4170
7141 d8aa d5aa 0573 2201 3602 0041 880c
2001 3602 0041 8020 0b22 0120 0041 2f6a
220d 6a22 0841 0020 016b 2204 7122 0620
004d 0440 200e 2406 4100 0f0b 41e8 0b28
0200 2202 0440 41e0 0b28 0200 2203 2006
6a22 0120 034d 2001 2002 4b72 0440 200e
2406 4100 0f0b 0b20 0041 306a 2107 0240
0240 41ec 0b28 0200 4104 7145 0440 0240
0240 0240 41c8 0828 0200 2203 450d 0041
f00b 2102 0340 0240 2002 2802 0022 0120
034d 0440 2001 2002 4104 6a22 0528 0200
6a20 034b 0d01 0b20 0228 0208 2201 450d
0220 0121 020c 010b 0b20 0820 0a6b 2004
7122 0341 ffff ffff 0749 0440 2003 1013
2201 2002 2802 0020 0528 0200 6a46 0440
2001 417f 470d 0605 2001 2102 2003 2101
0c03 0b0b 0c02 0b41 0010 1322 0141 7f47
0440 418c 0c28 0200 2202 417f 6a22 0520
0122 036a 4100 2002 6b71 2003 6b21 0220
0520 0371 047f 2002 0541 000b 2006 6a22
0341 e00b 2802 0022 056a 2104 2003 2000
4b20 0341 ffff ffff 0749 7104 4041 e80b
2802 0022 0204 4020 0420 054d 2004 2002
4b72 0d04 0b20 0310 1322 0220 0146 0d05
2003 2101 0c02 0b0b 0c01 0b41 0020 016b
2105 2007 2001 4b20 0141 ffff ffff 0749
2002 417f 4771 7104 4020 0d20 016b 4190
0c28 0200 2203 6a41 0020 036b 7122 0341
ffff ffff 0749 0440 2003 1013 417f 4604
4020 0510 131a 0c03 0520 0320 016a 2103
0b05 2001 2103 0b05 2001 2103 0b20 0241
7f47 0440 2002 2101 0c03 0b0b 41ec 0b41
ec0b 2802 0041 0472 3602 000b 2006 41ff
ffff ff07 4904 4020 0610 1322 0141 0010
1322 0349 2001 417f 4720 0341 7f47 7171
0440 2003 2001 6b22 0320 0041 286a 4b0d
020b 0b0c 010b 41e0 0b41 e00b 2802 0020
036a 2202 3602 0020 0241 e40b 2802 004b
0440 41e4 0b20 0236 0200 0b02 4041 c808
2802 0022 0804 4041 f00b 2102 0240 0240
0340 2001 2002 2802 0022 0420 0241 046a
2207 2802 0022 056a 460d 0120 0228 0208
2202 0d00 0b0c 010b 2002 2802 0c41 0871
4504 4020 0820 0149 2008 2004 4f71 0440
2007 2005 2003 6a36 0200 41bc 0828 0200
2105 4100 2008 4108 6a22 026b 4107 7121
0141 c808 2008 2002 4107 7104 7f20 0105
4100 2201 0b6a 2202 3602 0041 bc08 2003
2001 6b20 056a 2201 3602 0020 0220 0141
0172 3602 0420 0220 016a 4128 3602 0441
cc08 4198 0c28 0200 3602 000c 040b 0b0b
2001 41c0 0828 0200 2202 4904 4041 c008
2001 3602 0020 0121 020b 2001 2003 6a21
0a41 f00b 2105 0240 0240 0340 2005 2802
0020 0a46 0d01 2005 2802 0822 050d 0041
f00b 2105 0b0c 010b 2005 2802 0c41 0871
0440 41f0 0b21 0505 2005 2001 3602 0020
0541 046a 2205 2005 2802 0020 036a 3602
0041 0020 0141 086a 2204 6b41 0771 2107
4100 200a 4108 6a22 056b 4107 7121 0320
0120 0441 0771 047f 2007 0541 000b 6a22
0d20 006a 2106 200a 2005 4107 7104 7f20
0305 4100 0b6a 2204 200d 6b20 006b 2107
200d 2000 4103 7236 0204 0240 2004 2008
4604 4041 bc08 41bc 0828 0200 2007 6a22
0036 0200 41c8 0820 0636 0200 2006 2000
4101 7236 0204 0520 0441 c408 2802 0046
0440 41b8 0841 b808 2802 0020 076a 2200
3602 0041 c408 2006 3602 0020 0620 0041
0172 3602 0420 0620 006a 2000 3602 000c
020b 2004 2802 0422 0041 0371 4101 4604
7f20 0041 7871 210b 2000 4103 7621 0102
4020 0041 8002 4904 4020 0428 020c 2105
0240 2004 2802 0822 0320 0141 0374 41d8
086a 2200 4704 4020 0320 0249 0440 1003
0b20 0328 020c 2004 460d 0110 030b 0b20
0520 0346 0440 41b0 0841 b008 2802 0041
0120 0174 417f 7371 3602 000c 020b 0240
2005 2000 4604 4020 0541 086a 2114 0520
0520 0249 0440 1003 0b20 0541 086a 2200
2802 0020 0446 0440 2000 2114 0c02 0b10
030b 0b20 0320 0536 020c 2014 2003 3602
0005 2004 2802 1821 0802 4020 0428 020c
2200 2004 4604 4020 0441 106a 2203 4104
6a22 0128 0200 2200 4504 4020 0328 0200
2200 0440 2003 2101 0541 0021 0c0c 030b
0b03 4020 0041 146a 2205 2802 0022 0304
4020 0321 0020 0521 010c 010b 2000 4110
6a22 0528 0200 2203 0440 2003 2100 2005
2101 0c01 0b0b 2001 2002 4904 4010 0305
2001 4100 3602 0020 0021 0c0b 0520 0428
0208 2205 2002 4904 4010 030b 2005 410c
6a22 0328 0200 2004 4704 4010 030b 2000
4108 6a22 0128 0200 2004 4604 4020 0320
0036 0200 2001 2005 3602 0020 0021 0c05
1003 0b0b 0b20 0845 0d01 0240 2004 2004
2802 1c22 0141 0274 41e0 0a6a 2200 2802
0046 0440 2000 200c 3602 0020 0c0d 0141
b408 41b4 0828 0200 4101 2001 7441 7f73
7136 0200 0c03 0520 0841 c008 2802 0049
0440 1003 0b20 0841 106a 2200 2802 0020
0446 0440 2000 200c 3602 0005 2008 200c
3602 140b 200c 450d 030b 0b20 0c41 c008
2802 0022 0149 0440 1003 0b20 0c20 0836
0218 2004 4110 6a22 0028 0200 2203 0440
2003 2001 4904 4010 0305 200c 2003 3602
1020 0320 0c36 0218 0b0b 2000 2802 0422
0045 0d01 2000 41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010
0305 200c 2000 3602 1420 0020 0c36 0218
0b0b 0b20 0b20 076a 2107 2004 200b 6a05
2004 0b22 0041 046a 2200 2000 2802 0041
7e71 3602 0020 0620 0741 0172 3602 0420
0620 076a 2007 3602 0020 0741 0376 2100
2007 4180 0249 0440 2000 4103 7441 d808
6a21 0302 4041 b008 2802 0022 0141 0120
0074 2200 7104 4020 0341 086a 2201 2802
0022 0041 c008 2802 004f 0440 2001 2115
2000 2109 0c02 0b10 0305 41b0 0820 0120
0072 3602 0020 0341 086a 2115 2003 2109
0b0b 2015 2006 3602 0020 0920 0636 020c
2006 2009 3602 0820 0620 0336 020c 0c02
0b02 7f20 0741 0876 2200 047f 411f 2007
41ff ffff 074b 0d01 1a20 0741 0e20 0020
0041 80fe 3f6a 4110 7641 0871 2203 7422
0141 80e0 1f6a 4110 7641 0471 2200 2003
7220 0120 0074 2201 4180 800f 6a41 1076
4102 7122 0072 6b20 0120 0074 410f 766a
2200 4107 6a76 4101 7120 0041 0174 7205
4100 0b0b 2202 4102 7441 e00a 6a21 0320
0620 0236 021c 2006 4110 6a22 0041 0036
0204 2000 4100 3602 0041 b408 2802 0022
0141 0120 0274 2200 7145 0440 41b4 0820
0120 0072 3602 0020 0320 0636 0200 2006
2003 3602 1820 0620 0636 020c 2006 2006
3602 080c 020b 2003 2802 0021 0041 1920
0241 0176 6b21 0120 0720 0241 1f46 047f
4100 0520 010b 7421 0202 4002 4002 4003
4020 0028 0204 4178 7120 0746 0d02 2002
4101 7421 0320 0041 106a 2002 411f 7641
0274 6a22 0228 0200 2201 450d 0120 0321
0220 0121 000c 000b 000b 2002 41c0 0828
0200 4904 4010 0305 2002 2006 3602 0020
0620 0036 0218 2006 2006 3602 0c20 0620
0636 0208 0c04 0b0c 010b 2000 4108 6a22
0328 0200 2202 41c0 0828 0200 2201 4f20
0020 014f 7104 4020 0220 0636 020c 2003
2006 3602 0020 0620 0236 0208 2006 2000
3602 0c20 0641 0036 0218 0510 030b 0b0b
0b20 0e24 0620 0d41 086a 0f0b 0b03 4002
4020 0528 0200 2202 2008 4d04 4020 0220
0528 0204 6a22 0d20 084b 0d01 0b20 0528
0208 2105 0c01 0b0b 4100 200d 4151 6a22
0741 086a 2205 6b41 0771 2102 2007 2005
4107 7104 7f20 0205 4100 0b6a 2202 2008
4110 6a22 0c49 047f 2008 0520 020b 2207
4108 6a21 0a20 0741 186a 2105 2003 4158
6a21 0941 0020 0141 086a 2204 6b41 0771
2102 41c8 0820 0120 0441 0771 047f 2002
0541 0022 020b 6a22 0436 0200 41bc 0820
0920 026b 2202 3602 0020 0420 0241 0172
3602 0420 0420 026a 4128 3602 0441 cc08
4198 0c28 0200 3602 0020 0741 046a 2202
411b 3602 0020 0a41 f00b 2902 0037 0200
200a 41f8 0b29 0200 3702 0841 f00b 2001
3602 0041 f40b 2003 3602 0041 fc0b 4100
3602 0041 f80b 200a 3602 0020 0521 0103
4020 0141 046a 2201 4107 3602 0020 0141
046a 200d 490d 000b 2007 2008 4704 4020
0220 0228 0200 417e 7136 0200 2008 2007
2008 6b22 0441 0172 3602 0420 0720 0436
0200 2004 4103 7621 0120 0441 8002 4904
4020 0141 0374 41d8 086a 2102 41b0 0828
0200 2203 4101 2001 7422 0171 0440 2002
4108 6a22 0328 0200 2201 41c0 0828 0200
4904 4010 0305 2003 210f 2001 210b 0b05
41b0 0820 0320 0172 3602 0020 0241 086a
210f 2002 210b 0b20 0f20 0836 0200 200b
2008 3602 0c20 0820 0b36 0208 2008 2002
3602 0c0c 030b 2004 4108 7622 0104 7f20
0441 ffff ff07 4b04 7f41 1f05 2004 410e
2001 2001 4180 fe3f 6a41 1076 4108 7122
0274 2203 4180 e01f 6a41 1076 4104 7122
0120 0272 2003 2001 7422 0341 8080 0f6a
4110 7641 0271 2201 726b 2003 2001 7441
0f76 6a22 0141 076a 7641 0171 2001 4101
7472 0b05 4100 0b22 0541 0274 41e0 0a6a
2102 2008 2005 3602 1c20 0841 0036 0214
200c 4100 3602 0041 b408 2802 0022 0341
0120 0574 2201 7145 0440 41b4 0820 0320
0172 3602 0020 0220 0836 0200 2008 2002
3602 1820 0820 0836 020c 2008 2008 3602
080c 030b 2002 2802 0021 0141 1920 0541
0176 6b21 0320 0420 0541 1f46 047f 4100
0520 030b 7421 0502 4002 4002 4003 4020
0128 0204 4178 7120 0446 0d02 2005 4101
7421 0220 0141 106a 2005 411f 7641 0274
6a22 0528 0200 2203 450d 0120 0221 0520
0321 010c 000b 000b 2005 41c0 0828 0200
4904 4010 0305 2005 2008 3602 0020 0820
0136 0218 2008 2008 3602 0c20 0820 0836
0208 0c05 0b0c 010b 2001 4108 6a22 0228
0200 2205 41c0 0828 0200 2203 4f20 0120
034f 7104 4020 0520 0836 020c 2002 2008
3602 0020 0820 0536 0208 2008 2001 3602
0c20 0841 0036 0218 0510 030b 0b0b 0541
c008 2802 0022 0245 2001 2002 4972 0440
41c0 0820 0136 0200 0b41 f00b 2001 3602
0041 f40b 2003 3602 0041 fc0b 4100 3602
0041 d408 4188 0c28 0200 3602 0041 d008
417f 3602 0041 0021 0203 4020 0241 0374
41d8 086a 2205 2005 3602 0c20 0520 0536
0208 2002 4101 6a22 0241 2047 0d00 0b20
0341 586a 2105 4100 2001 4108 6a22 026b
4107 7121 0341 c808 2001 2002 4107 7104
7f20 0305 4100 0b22 016a 2203 3602 0041
bc08 2005 2001 6b22 0136 0200 2003 2001
4101 7236 0204 2003 2001 6a41 2836 0204
41cc 0841 980c 2802 0036 0200 0b0b 41bc
0828 0200 2201 2000 4b04 4041 bc08 2001
2000 6b22 0336 0200 41c8 0841 c808 2802
0022 0220 006a 2201 3602 0020 0120 0341
0172 3602 0420 0220 0041 0372 3602 0420
0e24 0620 0241 086a 0f0b 0b10 0f41 0c36
0200 200e 2406 4100 0b0b ae92 8080 0001
0f7f 0240 2000 4504 400f 0b20 0041 786a
2201 41c0 0828 0200 220b 4904 4010 030b
2000 417c 6a28 0200 2200 4103 7122 0a41
0146 0440 1003 0b20 0120 0041 7871 2204
6a21 0602 4020 0041 0171 0440 2001 2103
2004 2102 0520 0128 0200 2108 200a 4504
400f 0b20 0141 0020 086b 6a22 0020 0b49
0440 1003 0b20 0820 046a 2101 2000 41c4
0828 0200 4604 4020 0641 046a 2202 2802
0022 0341 0371 4103 4704 4020 0021 0320
0121 020c 030b 41b8 0820 0136 0200 2002
2003 417e 7136 0200 2000 2001 4101 7236
0204 2000 2001 6a20 0136 0200 0f0b 2008
4103 7621 0a20 0841 8002 4904 4020 0028
020c 2103 2000 2802 0822 0420 0a41 0374
41d8 086a 2202 4704 4020 0420 0b49 0440
1003 0b20 0428 020c 2000 4704 4010 030b
0b20 0320 0446 0440 41b0 0841 b008 2802
0041 0120 0a74 417f 7371 3602 0020 0021
0320 0121 020c 030b 2003 2002 4604 4020
0341 086a 2105 0520 0320 0b49 0440 1003
0b20 0341 086a 2202 2802 0020 0046 0440
2002 2105 0510 030b 0b20 0420 0336 020c
2005 2004 3602 0020 0021 0320 0121 020c
020b 2000 2802 1821 0c02 4020 0028 020c
2204 2000 4604 4020 0041 106a 2205 4104
6a22 0828 0200 2204 0440 2008 2105 0520
0528 0200 2204 4504 4041 0021 070c 030b
0b03 4020 0441 146a 2208 2802 0022 0a04
4020 0a21 0420 0821 050c 010b 2004 4110
6a22 0828 0200 220a 0440 200a 2104 2008
2105 0c01 0b0b 2005 200b 4904 4010 0305
2005 4100 3602 0020 0421 070b 0520 0028
0208 2205 200b 4904 4010 030b 2005 410c
6a22 0828 0200 2000 4704 4010 030b 2004
4108 6a22 0a28 0200 2000 4604 4020 0820
0436 0200 200a 2005 3602 0020 0421 0705
1003 0b0b 0b20 0c04 4020 0020 0028 021c
2204 4102 7441 e00a 6a22 0528 0200 4604
4020 0520 0736 0200 2007 4504 4041 b408
41b4 0828 0200 4101 2004 7441 7f73 7136
0200 2000 2103 2001 2102 0c04 0b05 200c
41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010 030b 200c 4110
6a22 0428 0200 2000 4604 4020 0420 0736
0200 0520 0c20 0736 0214 0b20 0745 0440
2000 2103 2001 2102 0c04 0b0b 2007 41c0
0828 0200 2205 4904 4010 030b 2007 200c
3602 1820 0041 106a 2208 2802 0022 0404
4020 0420 0549 0440 1003 0520 0720 0436
0210 2004 2007 3602 180b 0b20 0828 0204
2204 0440 2004 41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010
0305 2007 2004 3602 1420 0420 0736 0218
2000 2103 2001 2102 0b05 2000 2103 2001
2102 0b05 2000 2103 2001 2102 0b0b 0b20
0320 064f 0440 1003 0b20 0641 046a 2201
2802 0022 0041 0171 4504 4010 030b 2000
4102 7104 4020 0120 0041 7e71 3602 0020
0320 0241 0172 3602 0420 0320 026a 2002
3602 0005 2006 41c8 0828 0200 4604 4041
bc08 41bc 0828 0200 2002 6a22 0036 0200
41c8 0820 0336 0200 2003 2000 4101 7236
0204 2003 41c4 0828 0200 4704 400f 0b41
c408 4100 3602 0041 b808 4100 3602 000f
0b20 0641 c408 2802 0046 0440 41b8 0841
b808 2802 0020 026a 2200 3602 0041 c408
2003 3602 0020 0320 0041 0172 3602 0420
0320 006a 2000 3602 000f 0b20 0041 7871
2002 6a21 0520 0041 0376 2104 0240 2000
4180 0249 0440 2006 2802 0c21 0220 0628
0208 2201 2004 4103 7441 d808 6a22 0047
0440 2001 41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010 030b
2001 2802 0c20 0647 0440 1003 0b0b 2002
2001 4604 4041 b008 41b0 0828 0200 4101
2004 7441 7f73 7136 0200 0c02 0b20 0220
0046 0440 2002 4108 6a21 0e05 2002 41c0
0828 0200 4904 4010 030b 2002 4108 6a22
0028 0200 2006 4604 4020 0021 0e05 1003
0b0b 2001 2002 3602 0c20 0e20 0136 0200
0520 0628 0218 2107 0240 2006 2802 0c22
0020 0646 0440 2006 4110 6a22 0241 046a
2201 2802 0022 0004 4020 0121 0205 2002
2802 0022 0045 0440 4100 2109 0c03 0b0b
0340 2000 4114 6a22 0128 0200 2204 0440
2004 2100 2001 2102 0c01 0b20 0041 106a
2201 2802 0022 0404 4020 0421 0020 0121
020c 010b 0b20 0241 c008 2802 0049 0440
1003 0520 0241 0036 0200 2000 2109 0b05
2006 2802 0822 0241 c008 2802 0049 0440
1003 0b20 0241 0c6a 2201 2802 0020 0647
0440 1003 0b20 0041 086a 2204 2802 0020
0646 0440 2001 2000 3602 0020 0420 0236
0200 2000 2109 0510 030b 0b0b 2007 0440
2006 2006 2802 1c22 0041 0274 41e0 0a6a
2202 2802 0046 0440 2002 2009 3602 0020
0945 0440 41b4 0841 b408 2802 0041 0120
0074 417f 7371 3602 000c 040b 0520 0741
c008 2802 0049 0440 1003 0b20 0741 106a
2200 2802 0020 0646 0440 2000 2009 3602
0005 2007 2009 3602 140b 2009 450d 030b
2009 41c0 0828 0200 2202 4904 4010 030b
2009 2007 3602 1820 0641 106a 2201 2802
0022 0004 4020 0020 0249 0440 1003 0520
0920 0036 0210 2000 2009 3602 180b 0b20
0128 0204 2200 0440 2000 41c0 0828 0200
4904 4010 0305 2009 2000 3602 1420 0020
0936 0218 0b0b 0b0b 0b20 0320 0541 0172
3602 0420 0320 056a 2005 3602 0020 0341
c408 2802 0046 0440 41b8 0820 0536 0200
0f05 2005 2102 0b0b 2002 4103 7621 0120
0241 8002 4904 4020 0141 0374 41d8 086a
2100 41b0 0828 0200 2202 4101 2001 7422
0171 0440 2000 4108 6a22 0228 0200 2201
41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010 0305 2002 210f
2001 210d 0b05 41b0 0820 0220 0172 3602
0020 0041 086a 210f 2000 210d 0b20 0f20
0336 0200 200d 2003 3602 0c20 0320 0d36
0208 2003 2000 3602 0c0f 0b20 0241 0876
2200 047f 2002 41ff ffff 074b 047f 411f
0520 0241 0e20 0020 0041 80fe 3f6a 4110
7641 0871 2200 7422 0141 80e0 1f6a 4110
7641 0471 2204 2000 7220 0120 0474 2200
4180 800f 6a41 1076 4102 7122 0172 6b20
0020 0174 410f 766a 2200 4107 6a76 4101
7120 0041 0174 720b 0541 000b 2201 4102
7441 e00a 6a21 0020 0320 0136 021c 2003
4100 3602 1420 0341 0036 0210 0240 41b4
0828 0200 2204 4101 2001 7422 0571 0440
2000 2802 0021 0041 1920 0141 0176 6b21
0420 0220 0141 1f46 047f 4100 0520 040b
7421 0102 4002 4002 4003 4020 0028 0204
4178 7120 0246 0d02 2001 4101 7421 0420
0041 106a 2001 411f 7641 0274 6a22 0128
0200 2205 450d 0120 0421 0120 0521 000c
000b 000b 2001 41c0 0828 0200 4904 4010
0305 2001 2003 3602 0020 0320 0036 0218
2003 2003 3602 0c20 0320 0336 0208 0c04
0b0c 010b 2000 4108 6a22 0128 0200 2202
41c0 0828 0200 2204 4f20 0020 044f 7104
4020 0220 0336 020c 2001 2003 3602 0020
0320 0236 0208 2003 2000 3602 0c20 0341
0036 0218 0510 030b 0b05 41b4 0820 0420
0572 3602 0020 0020 0336 0200 2003 2000
3602 1820 0320 0336 020c 2003 2003 3602
080b 0b41 d008 41d0 0828 0200 417f 6a22
0036 0200 2000 0440 0f05 41f8 0b21 000b
0340 2000 2802 0022 0241 086a 2100 2002
0d00 0b41 d008 417f 3602 000b 0b83 8080
8000 0001 0bde 8080 8000 0102 7f02 7f23
0528 0200 2202 2000 410f 6a41 7071 2200
6a21 0120 0041 004a 2001 2002 4871 2001
4100 4872 0440 1002 1a41 0c10 0541 7f0f
0b23 0520 0136 0200 2001 1001 4a04 4010
0045 0440 410c 1005 2305 2002 3602 0041
7f0f 0b0b 2002 0b0b 8480 8080 0000 4100
0b9d 8280 8000 0104 7f02 7f20 0020 026a
2104 2001 41ff 0171 2101 2002 41c3 004e
0440 0340 2000 4103 7104 4020 0020 013a
0000 2000 4101 6a21 000c 010b 0b20 0441
7c71 2205 41c0 006b 2106 2001 2001 4108
7472 2001 4110 7472 2001 4118 7472 2103
0340 2000 2006 4c04 4020 0020 0336 0200
2000 2003 3602 0420 0020 0336 0208 2000
2003 3602 0c20 0020 0336 0210 2000 2003
3602 1420 0020 0336 0218 2000 2003 3602
1c20 0020 0336 0220 2000 2003 3602 2420
0020 0336 0228 2000 2003 3602 2c20 0020
0336 0230 2000 2003 3602 3420 0020 0336
0238 2000 2003 3602 3c20 0041 c000 6a21
000c 010b 0b03 4020 0020 0548 0440 2000
2003 3602 0020 0041 046a 2100 0c01 0b0b
0b03 4020 0020 0448 0440 2000 2001 3a00
0020 0041 016a 2100 0c01 0b0b 2004 2002
6b0b 0bc9 8380 8000 0103 7f02 7f20 0241
80c0 004e 0440 2000 2001 2002 1004 0f0b
2000 2104 2000 2002 6a21 0320 0041 0371
2001 4103 7146 0440 0340 2000 4103 7104
4020 0245 0440 2004 0f0b 2000 2001 2c00
003a 0000 2000 4101 6a21 0020 0141 016a
2101 2002 4101 6b21 020c 010b 0b20 0341
7c71 2202 41c0 006b 2105 0340 2000 2005
4c04 4020 0020 0128 0200 3602 0020 0020
0128 0204 3602 0420 0020 0128 0208 3602
0820 0020 0128 020c 3602 0c20 0020 0128
0210 3602 1020 0020 0128 0214 3602 1420
0020 0128 0218 3602 1820 0020 0128 021c
3602 1c20 0020 0128 0220 3602 2020 0020
0128 0224 3602 2420 0020 0128 0228 3602
2820 0020 0128 022c 3602 2c20 0020 0128
0230 3602 3020 0020 0128 0234 3602 3420
0020 0128 0238 3602 3820 0020 0128 023c
3602 3c20 0041 c000 6a21 0020 0141 c000
6a21 010c 010b 0b03 4020 0020 0248 0440
2000 2001 2802 0036 0200 2000 4104 6a21
0020 0141 046a 2101 0c01 0b0b 0520 0341
046b 2102 0340 2000 2002 4804 4020 0020
012c 0000 3a00 0020 0020 012c 0001 3a00
0120 0020 012c 0002 3a00 0220 0020 012c
0003 3a00 0320 0041 046a 2100 2001 4104
6a21 010c 010b 0b0b 0340 2000 2003 4804
4020 0020 012c 0000 3a00 0020 0041 016a
2100 2001 4101 6a21 010c 010b 0b20 040b
0b


var join = require( 'path' ).join;
var createModule = require( './dasum.wasm.js' );

var opts = {
    'memory': 16777216,
    'wasmBinaryFile': join( __dirname, 'dasum.wasm' )
};

// Create a new Module instance:
var Module = createModule( opts );

// Create a JavaScript wrapper around the C function:
var wrapper = Module.cwrap( 'c_dasum', 'number', [ 'number', 'number', 'number' ] );

// Define the user interface:
function dasum( N, bytes, stride ) {
    return wrapper( N, bytes.byteOffset, stride );
}

// Provide a means for allocating arrays on the heap:
function malloc( nbytes ) {
    var byteOffset = Module._malloc( nbytes );
    return new Uint8Array( Module.HEAPU8.buffer, byteOffset, nbytes );
}
dasum.malloc = malloc;

// Provide a means for freeing allocated memory:
function free( bytes ) {
    Module._free( bytes.byteOffset );
}
dasum.free = free;


// Create a data array:
var x = new Float64Array( [ 1.0, -2.0, 3.0, -4.0, 5.0 ] );

// Determine the number of bytes:
var nbytes = x.length * x.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT;

// Allocate space on the heap:
var bytes = dasum.malloc( nbytes );

// Copy the data to the heap:
bytes.set( new Uint8Array( x.buffer ) );

// Compute the sum:
var s = dasum( x.length, bytes, 1 );
// returns 15.0

// Free the memory:
dasum.free( bytes );


var randu = require( '@stdlib/math/base/random/randu' );
var floor = require( '@stdlib/math/base/special/floor' );

var len = 100;

// Allocate space on the heap:
var bytes = wasm.malloc( len*8 ); // 8 bytes per element

// Create a new view:
var view = new Float64Array( bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, len );

// Initialize the view:
for ( var i = 0; i < len; i++ ) {
    view[ i ] = ( randu()*20000.0 ) - 10000.0;
}

// Reuse the view:
for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
    view[ floor( randu()*len ) ] = ( randu()*20000.0 ) - 10000.0;
    var y = dasum( len, bytes, 1 );
}

Length	JavaScript	wasm	Native	Perf
10	22,438,020	18,226,375	7,084,870	2.57x
100	4,350,384	6,428,586	6,428,626	1.0x
1000	481,417	997,234	3,289,090	0.30x
10000	28,186	110,540	355,172	0.31x
100000	1,617	11,157	30,058	0.37x
1000000	153	979	1,850	0.53x

Notes

Glue Code
Boilerplate
Complementarity
Shared Memory
Scripting
Native Add-ons

Roadmap

Cross-browser Consensus
Active Development
LLVM
Developer Tools
New Features
Node Version 8

Cross-browser consensus. Version 1.0. No longer in MVP, which means that browsers can now begin shipping WebAssembly enabled by default.
The specification is, however, under active development. And in fact, prior to version 1.0, there was no formal W3C working group. Only now are browser vendors working on an official WebAssembly specification.
Plans to graduate the LLVM from experimental to stable. Currently, you need to always ensure you pull down the latest SDK changes for Emscripten, binaryen, and company, as the entire build toolchain is in constant flux.
WebAssembly integration into browser developer tools.
Also on the roadmap are new features: threads, SIMD, exception-handling, GC, full IEEE 754 support.
You can start experimenting with WebAssembly now. Recent browsers and in Node.js version 8.

Thank you!

https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib
https://www.patreon.com/athan